NMN Transporter Slc12a8 and the future of NMN clinical trials with Dr Alessia Grozio
The need for NMN Clinical trials
In a recent post, we discussed a key barrier in our knowledge of NMN supplementation in humans - namely the very limited clinical trial data.
However, this barrier is soon to be removed, thanks to high profile research + business collaborations which a directly confronting this lack of information.
Dr Alessia Grozio is Chief Scientist at Elevant and a researcher at the Buck Institute, ‘insanely’ interested in all things NMN and longevity.
With their execution and success, we will soon have a clear understanding of the benefits of NMN supplementation in human subjects (well beyond simpler experimental results, such as how NMN improved our Founder Nick’s biological age by 3.5 years).
Collaborations on NMN Clinical Research
One such collaboration we recently highlighted was the the work between aging research leader the Buck Institute, Elevant, and its parent company Seneque.
Together they have developed a healthy pipeline of NMN clinical trials in humans, which will focus on muscle recovery after exercise, potential benefits to skin health and much more (details in our interview).
Today, we host Elevant’s Chief Scientist and Buck Institute Researcher Dr. Alessia Grozio (PhD) for an exclusive interview on the future clinical trial outlook for NMN.
Interview with NMN researcher and expert Dr Alessia Grozio
Longevity Blog contacted Dr. Grozio with a number of important questions on the topic of NMN supplementation in humans.
Seneque’s mission is to increase healthspan by 20% in the next decade.
One key topic area we addressed was Dr Grozio’s co-discovery of a transporter that delivers NMN directly into cells called slc12a8.
This discovery was the first time that a pathway for NMN to enter cells directly had been discovered. A key development which well renowned NMN expert Dr. David Sinclair was very quick to highlight in Nature Metabolism (read it here) .
This discovery has not been without controversy, as NAD biologist and researcher Dr. Charles Brenner was quick to criticise the study. This has led to a bit of a schism in the research community on whether or not slc12a8 does what Dr Grozio says it does.
So we wanted to hear it from the expert directly, asking Dr. Grozio to help us better understand the significance of slc12a8, particularly around how NMN enters the cell (which is critical for it to fulfil its NAD boosting function).
As always, we also ask her about her personal longevity strategy.
Without further delay - onwards!
This interview was conducted in written format over email correspondence during May 2021
Longevity Blog (LB): Dr Grozio, thanks for joining us here on Longevity Blog.
To kick us off - you work diligently at both a research organisation and a commercial venture. Surely its hard work! Tell us - what drives you? What brings you into work each day?
Alessia Grozio (AG): Thanks for inviting me. The passion for my work and an “insane” curiosity for anything related to aging/longevity and NAD+ biology that brings me to work every day.
After earning my PhD in biochemistry, I started working on the enzymes (sirtuins, NAMPT, CD38/CD73 ecto-enzymes) involved in NAD+ metabolism.
NAD biology is quite complex. This is an area Dr. Grozio finds quite fascinating. We do too!
In a previous post with Dr Grozio’s college, Dr. Eric Verdin, we discuss this topics in further detail.
I have always been fascinated by the pivotal role that NAD+ plays in maintaining homeostasis in our body and the plethora of cellular processes in which it is involved.
Therefore, investigating the effects of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide), a critical endogenous compound for NAD+ biosynthesis, in different physio-pathological conditions where NAD+ levels are impaired, was a natural prosecution of my scientific interests.
More than “hard”, I would say that my job, as for many other scientists, is never boring!
What is NMN-C
LB: Thank you for sharing those personal insights. One of the reasons we’re speaking with you today is to help introduce ‘Elevant’, and your efforts to make ‘NMN-C’ available to a broad audience.
Please introduce us to NMN-C. How does this formulation differ from other forms of NMN that our readership may already be taking?
“What makes our NMN-C special is the extremely high level of safety and development that has gone into it. ”
AG: What makes our NMN-C special is the extremely high level of safety and development that has gone into it. We think what is most important is providing consumers with NMN-based products that have the highest levels of safety and quality possible.
NMN-C is exclusively available through Elevant in their “Prime” product (pictured)
What’s critical is, once NMN has been synthetized, to characterize the impurities, filter them as much as possible to reduce them to the minimum, and make sure that the few impurities remaining are safe.
In our NMN-C the level of impurities is very low, complying with the pharmaceutical grade guidelines.
Our product is then tested at high dosage, pre-clinically and in human, to confirm it’s safe to use.
Is NMN Safe for Humans?
LB: There was a recent study specifically looking into the ‘safe’ level of NMN supplementation, could you share some information on this work?
“NMN-C at doses up to 1500 mg/kg/d appears to be safe”
AG: Our NMN-C acquired self-affirmed GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status in accordance with US FDA regulatory guidelines, performed by an independent panel of toxicology and nutrition experts.
Moreover, we have recently published the first OECD 408 toxicology study performed on NMN. This study analyses the No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of our NMN-C and demonstrated that repeated oral administration of NMN-C at doses up to 1500 mg/kg/d appears to be safe and did not promote adverse effects in rats up to 90 days.
Diagram showing the role of Slc12a8 and how it enables NMN to enter the cell. Source: Nature Metabolism
Does NMN enter the cell intact?
LB: You made some waves in the research community with your published results on a NMN ‘transporter’ slc12a8.
This was a particularly exciting discovery, as the ‘doorway’ for NMN to enter the cell was previously unknown.
Could you briefly explain why this discovery is significant for the prospects of NMN supplementation?
AG: The identification of a novel NMN transporter, Slc12a8, further advances our knowledge regarding NAD+ metabolism by providing a new mechanistic insight through which the absorption and distribution of NMN is regulated to fuel the NAD+ biosynthesis in different tissue.
In the manuscript published in 2019 in Nature Metabolism, we employed several biochemical and in vivo (testing done in a whole organism) analyses to demonstrate that the Slc12a8 gene encodes a selective NMN transporter that facilitates the direct uptake of NMN into cells and intestinal tissue of mice.
We found that Slc12a8 is regulated by NAD+, specifically, Slc12a8 expression is increased when intracellular NAD+ levels are declined, as a compensatory mechanism, in order to maintain the cellular NAD+ homeostasis.
The Debate Around Slc12a8
LB: Proponents of alternative NAD precursors (NAD biologist Dr. Charles Brenner amongst them) such a Nicotinamide Riboside have contested that slc12a8 is an ‘intestinal cation-calcium transporter’ and not an NMN transporter.
The NMN proponents predicted that NMN would still work as NMN in cells that don't have NR kinase but we and others showed that when NR kinase is knocked out, NMN can only raise NAD+ by acting as nicotinamide. That's because NMN works by conversion to NR and needs NR kinase /14
— Charles Brenner, PhD (@CharlesMBrenner) January 13, 2020
Surely the ‘devil in the details’, but what is your reply to such claims?
How can we trust that NMN is making it ‘into the cell’ intact, rather than only through the Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase pathway as NR?
AG: Slc12a8 is an orphan member of the SLC12 family of the electroneutral cation–chloride co-transporters, this means that so far, its function as cation–chloride co-transporter has not been demonstrated.
Indeed, Slc12a8 shares low level of similarity with its family members for what concerns amino acid sequence and predicted membrane topology.
As described in our Nature Metabolism paper, we have conducted isotopic tracing experiments using side by side isotopic NMN and nicotinamide riboside in Slc12a8-OE NIH3T3 cells (the cell line overexpressing Slc12a8 protein) and primary hepatocytes from Slc12a8 knockout mice (mice completely lacking the Slc12a8 protein).
Both experimental conditions demonstrate direct NMN uptake without any previous conversion of NMN to nicotinamide riboside outside of cells.
LB: Thanks for answering that very important question.
NMN as a Topical Cream for Skin Health
LB: Moving on from transporters, and onto Elevant’s impressive research efforts, you are engaging with some very significant topic areas - namely beauty and sports performance, which are very significant consumer markets.
Could you share with us the future of NMN based ‘creams’ for topical use? Is this a future development area for beauty products? And do we know if NMN can enter skin cells through a topical? (We are very interested in measuring & preserving aesthetic age)
AG: Yes, previous research has shown that NAD+ appears to play an enormous potential role in skin health.
Research has shown that NAD+ energizes aging skin cells to function more like young cells, counters transepidermal water loss and improves the moisture content of the outer layer of the skin, along with several other actions that support healthy skin.
We have conducted clinical trials that have directly shown the beneficial effects of NMN on the skin.
The trials demonstrated improved skin moisturization, elasticity and brightness, and a reduction in skin roughness and visibility of wrinkles. The results are to be published soon and we will share them with you.
NMN for Exercise Recovery
Longevity Blog is very interested in how anti-aging compounds might improve athletic performance and the benefits of exercise.
Another longevity supplement “Urolithin A”, which is derived from pomegranates, also has benefits on improving physical recovery, through the mitophagy pathway. Read more!
LB: An ongoing clinical trial is now recruiting participants, which will analyse the benefits of NMN for ‘physical capacity and recovery’.
Looking forward, do you see a potential future role for NMN in human performance (i.e. sport)? If so, do you have any insights on how it might improve an athlete’s ability to compete in their sport of choice?
AG: We have preliminary results showing NMN is efficient on physical recovery, at any age. We will keep you informed, prior to the publication of our results.
Upcoming NMN Clinical Trials
LB: Beyond these two clinical trial areas, Seneque are also ‘preparing’ several more clinical trials covering many areas with NMN-C: impact on NAD+ levels, NMN vs NR, sleep, cognitive function, immunity - each is a significant undertaking (self-titled ‘the world largest pipeline’).
What timeline do you expect for the results on these projects? They will each go quite a long ways toward demonstrating the efficacy of NMN supplementation.
Seneque has a very impressive pipeline of NMN based clinical trials at various stages of maturity. Find the latest on their website.
AG: Two more studies started this month (May 2021), a tolerance and a pharmacokinetic study with 20 participants each and dosage of 400mg per day. Preliminary results to be announced next July (2022).
The first results of further trials will be published Q3 2021 and several publications will occur until July 2022. You can see our extensive clinical research pipeline here.
Some additional confidential studies are being conducted at the moment, so pending the timing and results of those we hope to start communicating about them at the end of this year.
We are confident it won’t be long until we can demonstrate the efficacy of NMN supplementation in several clinical trials.
We aim to be able to share results sometime between Q3 and Q4 2021.
Research Business Partnerships for Longevity Research
“We are confident it won’t be long until we can demonstrate the efficacy of NMN supplementation in several clinical trials”
LB: Some elements of these clinical trial efforts will occur in partnership with the Buck Institute, namely the pre-clinical studies and basic research efforts.
Could you describe the merits/value of private longevity technology companies collaborating with leading aging research institutions? What are the challenges for you personally, ‘wearing two hats, so to speak (as you’re also a scientist at the Buck Institute)?
AG: The main interest in collaborating with leading aging research institutions is to work and share knowledge with scientists coming from various backgrounds and expertise, foster new ideas and drive our research to constantly innovate.
This allows diverse new research leads and areas of study, all undertaken in line with scientific principles.
The powerful and high-end equipment and infrastructure at the Buck is of course a huge asset.
Finally, as you know, time is of the essence. These partnerships allow invaluable gains of time.
NMN-C is Manufactured to a High Standard
LB: Elevant is now manufacturing NMN-C in Europe, which differentiates from other suppliers of NMN, who rely on manufacturing in China. This undoubtedly introduces additional costs, but likely as a trade-off for many benefits.
Could you comment on what ‘Made in Europe’ means for consumers?
AG: We strictly control every element of our proprietary manufacturing process, which we undertake at cGMP-certified facilities in France. Consumers receive what we believe are pharmaceutical grade and the highest levels of quality and safety available in an NAD+ booster today.
Dr Grozio’s Longevity Strategy
LB: Dr Grozio, changing gears, as we close off the interview - could you share with our audience one or two items from your personal longevity strategy?
AG: I am Italian, therefore I am following a Mediterranean diet, rich in vegetables, legumes, fish and extra virgin olive oil.
Moreover, I am taking our NMN-C every morning to boost my physical and mental energy needed to go throughout the entire day.
LB: Dr. Grozio, thank you such much for taking the time to answer our equations today!
Want more NMN Focused Content? We got it!
FDA & TGA DISCLAIMER
This information is intended for educational purposes only and is not meant to substitute for medical care or to prescribe treatment for any specific health condition. These blog posts are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease, and only may become actionable through consultation with a medical professional.
NMN-C, Elevant and the future of NAD boosters: An Interview with Dr Eric Verdin
NAD Precursor NMN-C - A New NMN Supplement
As we have discussed in recent posts on NAD boosters, clinical trial data for NMN in humans remains quite limited.
In fact, up until recently, it wasn’t even well established that NMN was safe to use as a supplement. Hence, why we’ve had to discuss this issue and how minimise any risks in involved should you choose to self-experiment with NMN.
One key outstanding question has been - is NMN safe to take as a supplement?
IS NMN SAFE?
Excitingly, this question has now been answered, thanks to innovative work by the company ‘Elevant’ (in collaboration with two other parties, more on this shortly), who recently published results from a toxicology study for NMN supplementation (read it here).
On the back of this successful study, Elevant is now offering this a novel form of NMN, matching that which was used in the research effort - the product is called ‘Prime’, and the specific NMN formulation is called NMN-C.
What is NMN-C?
NMN-C is differentiated by its quality and extremely high-level of safety where the processes for characterising and removing as many potential impurities has been standardised and follows pharmaceutical grade guidelines.
Elevant’s NMN-C product, “Prime”
There are not any changes to the molecular structure, rather NMN-C is the outcome of this highly rigorous processing approach.
This outcome of this method for producing NMN has then been tested at high dosages (i.e. the study we just mentioned) and also in pre-clinical testing in humans.
This has made NMN-C the only form of NMN to be categorised by the US Food and Drug Administration as “Generally Recognised as Safe” - so called GRAS status.
Elevant, Seneque and the Buck Institute
These recent efforts to create and study NMN-C are the fruits of an exciting trifecta of collaboration between Elevant, its parent company Seneque and the Buck Institute.
They have an exciting pipeline of future NMN related studies in humans, including skin health, muscle recovery and more. We’ll explore these topics in an upcoming post with Elevant’s Chief Scientist.
Together, these companies boast some very grand visions, which should get any longevity enthusiast (that’s you) quite excited.
The Buck Institute for Research on Aging is a global leader in the study of aging, and increasingly, interventions in age-related disease.
Seneque, the parent company of Elevant, is a Swiss life sciences company, founded by French entrepreneur Guillaume Bermond, who now leads the company on its mission to “increase healthspan by 20% in the next decade”.
Rounding out the three-way collaboration is the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, who are global leaders in the study of aging, whose missions is equally grand - “to end the threat of age-related disease for this and future generations”.
Interview with Longevity Pioneer Dr Eric Verdin
Playing a key cross-over role between these three entities, is Dr Eric Verdin, CEO and President of the Buck Institute, and more recently, Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board at both Seneque and Elevant.
Longevity Blog reached out to Dr. Verdin to discuss this new role as at Seneque, and in order to better gauge his view on the promise of NMN supplementation in humans.
We discuss the use of NMN in human subjects, the role of inflammation and CD38 in NAD biology, the future of NAD boosters and even his personal longevity strategy.
This interview was conducted in written format over email correspondence during May 2021
Does NMN actually work? Is NMN effective?
Longevity Blog (LB): Clinical trial data for NMN supplementation in humans is at a very early stage, and we’ve yet to see conclusive results. Yet, the new venture Seneque will deliver NMN based products. What gives you confidence in the efficacy of NMN supplementation in humans?
Dr. Eric Verdin (EV): That’s a great question. I think that one should know that not everything from mouse or from animal model experimentation will actually translate into humans, and so there is always some degree of uncertainty in terms of what will happen.
Most NMN research has been performed in rodents, what will this mean for humans? Image credit
However, there is now growing evidence that NMN supplementation in animal models really has profound effects in the biology of every organism on which we have tested it. Based on this, one can be reasonably optimistic that we’re going to be seeing the same thing in humans.
One key thing that we will have to consider is the dose at which we give the NMN. Right now, NMN is typically commercially available at lower concentrations than what we’ve given to animals, and eventually we will have to account for some of the potential differences.
“NMN supplementation in animal models really has profound effects in the biology of every organism on which we have tested it”
CD38 Inhibitors for NAD Boosting?
LB: One of the more recent discoveries related to NMN supplementation, is a need to pay attention to the role of the CD38 enzyme. The Buck Institute recently published a study on the role of inflammation and macrophages in CD38 regulation. Could you comment on the potential role of CD38 ‘inhibitors’ alongside NMN supplementation? What compounds might prove useful in this role?
EV: Yes. What this paper actually showed is that, as we age, the activity of this enzyme called CD38 increases. CD38 is an NAD hydrolase, and so it is able to take NAD and to cleave it into its byproducts – ADP-ribose and nicotinamide – and we think that it is one of the major pathways that leads the progressive degradation of NAD that occurs during aging.
Longevity Blog did a deep dive on CD38’s role in NAD biology with Nuchido Founder Dr. Nichola Conlon - be sure to check it out!
So, on this basis, one hypothesis would be that to restore or maintain NAD levels in aging, we have to inhibit CD38, but you also have to replenish depleted NAD levels.
This is where NMN could come in. One thing to also consider is that CD38 also cleaves NMN, so this makes it even more of an important potential synergy between providing inhibitors of CD38 and providing NMN.
I think this is one way to move forward into the future – to have specific CD38 inhibitors and also to provide NMN to restore NAD levels.
“one hypothesis would be that to restore or maintain NAD levels in aging, we have to inhibit CD38”
Chronic Inflammation: CD38 and Senescent Cells
LB: As a follow-up, given the role of chronic inflammation and senescent cell activity (SASP) to create pressure on NAD levels in the cell, does this suggest that senolytic compounds (e.g. fisetin, quercetin, etc) may be a natural partner in boosting cellular NAD levels in addition to NMN?
EV: That’s a very good question. In the paper you discussed just before, which we published last December in Nature Metabolism, we identified the mechanism for the progressive increase in CD38 during aging, and one of the mechanisms was the progressive accumulation of senescent cells.
As a part of the ageing process, CD38 and Senescent cell activity both increase, lowering NAD+ levels. Image credit: Buck Institute
The senescent cells secrete a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the so-called SASP, which means ‘senescence associated secretory phenotype’.
What we showed is that the SASP is one of the mechanisms by which CD38 increases during aging.
Based on this, one could predict that if we were able to eliminate a senescent cell, we would eliminate the SASP and then we would eliminate the induction of the CD38 expression.
One thing to remember is that the SASP is not the only mechanism that was responsible for the induction of CD38. There were other substrates including bacterial products such as LPS (lipopolysaccharide), and other series’ of factors that we will also have to control.
So I believe that fighting the induction of CD38 is going to be harder than inhibiting CD38 expression or providing NMN as an exogenous substrate.
“if we were able to eliminate a senescent cell, we would eliminate the SASP and then we would eliminate the induction of the CD38”
NAD Boosting Supplements: More Options on the Horizon?
LB: With a forward looking approach on NAD boosting, NAD precursors and their role in alleviating some of the pressures of aging, do you believe we are likely to see a wider variety of NAD boosting supplements emerge over the next 5-10 years?
If so, what form might these (strategies) take? The recent discoveries around the reduced form of NMN (NMNH) is one such example.
EV: This is a very good point, and one I think is exciting. Clearly, what the data shows is the interconnectedness between multiple processes is something that we had actually not fully appreciated.
One is NAD degradation, that’s the role of CD38. The role of senescence. The role of what we call the PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular phenotypes) such as LPS and others.
So, if you think about fighting aging and its manifestations, I would predict that in the future, we will likely have a combination of these approaches to really maintain NAD levels, to eliminate senescent cells, and to restore NAD levels, using a variety of precursors.
“I can predict, based on what has been published and what we know, that there will be other [NAD boosting] molecules.”
Right now, the field is focusing on NR (nicotinamide riboside) and NMN (mononucleotide nicotinamide). Both of those have shown remarkable activities, which is why there is so much excitement in this field.
But I can predict, based on what has been published and what we know, that there will be other molecules.
One thing that is really important to realize is that to be truly demonstrated as efficacious, I think it will be important for these molecules – whatever they are, whether they are CD38 inhibitors or NAD precursors – we need to conduct clinical trials to make sure that whatever we’re giving to patients is not only given at the right dose, but is safe and actually has the intended safety profile and the intended benefit.
I think this is the way that truly evidence-based medicine has been progressing over the last 100 years and I hope that our field of aging research will abide by this principle and demonstrate the efficacy of what we’re providing to patients.
Wearing Two Hats: Bridging the Gap Between Ageing Research and Deploying Interventions
LB: Dr. Verdin, could you comment on the importance of translational roles, such as your role as Chair of the Seneque Scientific Advisory Board, in bridging the gap between ageing research and making relevant treatments available to the general public?
While keeping a foot in both the ‘research’ and ‘commercial’ camps can be difficult to navigate, surely they are likely to become more common as this field matures?
EV: I am very excited by the ongoing opportunity and ability to not only conduct basic research and make discoveries – that’s been my whole life’s work.
But as I’m getting older I have been increasingly interested in taking things one step further and really pushing the envelope to make these discoveries closer to translation in humans.
This is certainly the approach we’re taking at the Buck Institute. We’re starting companies, we’re collaborating with established pharmaceutical companies, we’re collaborating with biotech companies such as Seneque.
I very much view my role not only as Director of a basic research institute, but as an advocate for pushing these discoveries into the clinics. And I really think the science is there in terms of the promise.
“I hope that in 20 years from now, we’ll look back at the Buck and say that this was an institute that really took the bull by the horns and really tried to change the way we age”
The deep questioning and the hard work start now. Which is to say really bring this into humans. We know from data in the pharma industry that it is much harder to translate into humans, especially given the diversity of the human population both in terms of genetics and lifestyle and so on.
One of the reasons we work closely with Seneque is the value they place on proper clinical research. They have a significant program of clinical trials in play which will drive the understanding of the effects of NMN in humans for all of us.
Seneque’s mission is to increase healthspan by 20% in the next decade.
In the future we will hopefully see that in some way the Buck successfully redefined what the basic research institute is doing.
In this case we are aggressively building a translational infrastructure – by collaborating with pharma and biotech and also by starting our own company.
I hope that in 20 years from now, we’ll look back at the Buck and say that this was an institute that really took the bull by the horns and really tried to change the way we age, not only in animal models but in humans. I think this is a little different from what most places do, but I find it very exciting.
“As I’m getting older I have been increasingly interested in taking things one step further and really pushing the envelope to make these discoveries closer to translation in humans.”
Dr. Verdin’s Personal Approach to Longevity. Does Dr. Eric Verdin take NMN? What supplements does Dr Verdin Take?
LB: Dr Verdin, changing gears, as we close off the interview - could you share with our audience one or two of your personal longevity strategies?
EV: I have to be careful here, because these are not ‘recommendations’, this is strictly what I do as a person. I believe in lifestyle effect being very critical in determining longevity, so I really focus on five different aspects.
Nutrition & Fasting
One is nutrition, with a focus on intermittent fasting. Every three months, I do a week of fasting. I do time-restricted feeding, which means I eat for about eight hours of the day and do not eat for the remaining 16. So that’s pillar number one – nutrition.
Exercise
Pillar number two is exercise. I try to fit in between one and two hours of exercise every day. I think it is the best and safest anti-aging medicine that we have today, and it will remain so for a little while longer, until we discover better medicine.
“I used to be an every-day-one-glass-of-wine drinker. I have seen how much this alters the quality of my sleep and I would now define myself as an occasional rare drinker.”
Sleep
The third pillar is sleep. I think we live in a society that is chronically sleep-deprived. I try to sleep a good amount every day and try to make sure it’s good quality by mitigating all the factors that I’ve discovered actually interfere with my sleep.
I use an Oura ring and the Whoop, which are two wearable devices that allow you to closely monitor your sleep and which have allowed me to determine what the factors are that affect the quality of my sleep.
One of the ones that actually surprised me was the effect of alcohol. I used to be an every-day-one-glass-of-wine drinker. I have seen how much this alters the quality of my sleep and I would now define myself as an occasional rare drinker.
Stress Management
The last thing is stress. I really believe that stress is a significant contributor to aging, so I try to mitigate my stress by doing yoga, by meditating when I have the time and really try to mitigate the factors that stress me. For me, exercise is probably the best anti-stressor.
Supplement Routine
In terms of supplements, I believe in measuring whatever can be measured in your blood.
There are number of companies that provide this type of services and in correcting what seems to be off-balance. So I take a number of supplements, simple ones like vitamin D and vitamin B12.
I also take NMN every day. Having taken it myself at significant doses, I really see the effects, so I’m encouraged to continue.
I take metformin for two reasons. First, it’s been shown to have many properties as an anti-aging medicine. But also my fasting blood sugar was borderline and I thought that, given my age, there were little risks in taking metformin.
So there you are – the pillars of my health or longevity program at this point.
LB: Dr. Verdin, thank you so much for taking the time to answer our questions. It is a true privilege to hear from one of the aging’s sectors most notable and well respected leaders.
Looking for more NMN based content? Look no further
FDA & TGA DISCLAIMER
This information is intended for educational purposes only and is not meant to substitute for medical care or to prescribe treatment for any specific health condition. These blog posts are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease, and only may become actionable through consultation with a medical professional.